The size mismatch between electronic devices and photonic devices inhibits the advantageous interfacing between these two device technologies and here plasmonics nanotechnology plays the important role of interfacing these two technologies. On the other hand, photonic devices have extremely high speed and high data carrying capacity but are limited in size to the diffraction law such that the size of a photonic device should be equal to about half of its operational wavelength. Electronics devices are down-scalable up to the nanoscale size but have limited processor speed due to thermal and signal delay issues associated with electronic devices. In the recent years following 2006, there has been a great surge in interest in the newly emerging plasmonics nanotechnology because this new device technology provides tremendous synergy between electronic and photonic devices.
The last two decades have witnessed an exponential growth and tremendous developments in wireless technologies and systems, and their associated applications. Table 1 illustrates different types of IV fluids, and outlines nursing implications for each category of IV solution. IV solutions can be classified as isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic depending on their purpose. Intravenous therapy is an efficient and effective method of supplying fluids directly into the intravascular fluid compartment and replacing electrolyte losses (Berman & Snyder, 2012). Intravenous fluid therapy is essential when clients are unable to take sufficient food, medications and fluids orally. In order to accomplish this, Latta used a small silver tube attached to a syringe filled with a hypertonic solution of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate (Millam). By the 18 th century, O'Shaughnessy and Latta were credited for treating cholera patients with intravenous fluids. Major attempted to inject impure compounds into human veins with devastating results. The first known attempt at IV therapy was in 1658 when Sir Christopher Wren designed an IV administration set with a quill and a pig's bladder to instill wine, ale, and opium into a dog's veins (Millam, 1996). This module does not cover the use of pumps or IV initiation. This module provides nurses with a quick review of the basics of monitoring, assessing for local and systemic complications, practicing aseptic technique, and dealing with agitated clients. Objective: Intravenous Therapy is infrequent in many Addiction and Mental Health settings.
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